Social control in indigenous health : limits and possibilities of direct democracy

Este artigo visa refletir sobre as conquistas alcançadas nas duas últimas décadas no campo da saúde indígena, a partir da análise das resoluções e recomendações do Conselho Nacional de Saúde e da observação das atividades da Comissão Intersetorial de Saúde Indígena que o assessora. Buscamos contribuir para a compreensão da relação dos representantes dessa população com as instituições de Estado, a partir da participação nas instancias de governo garantidas pelo dito controle social. Pensamos, portanto, os limites da democracia direta via controle social, a possibilidade de ação política que contemple o diálogo interétnico e a tradução das conquistas institucionais em melhorias significativas na realidade cotidiana da atenção diferenciada nos Distritos Sanitários Especiais Indígenas. _________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACTThis article is a consideration about the goals attained in the field of indigenous health in the last decades, supported by the analysis of resolutions and recommendations published by the Brazilian Health National Council and by the observation of the Indigenous Health Intersectorial Commission, which assists the former. We intend to contribute to the comprehension of the relationship between the indigenous populations and State institutions through their participation in the government apparatus ensured by the so-called social control. Therefore, we examine the limits of direct democracy through social control, the possibility of political action that grants inter-ethnical dialogue, and the translation of achievements in substantial improvements in the everyday reality of the differentiated healthcare in the Special Indigenous Sanitary Districts. _________________________________________________________________________________ RESUMENEste artículo visa reflexionar sobre las conquistas alcanzadas en las últimas décadas del campo de la salud indígena, a partir del análisis de las resoluciones y recomendaciones del Consejo Nacional de Salud brasileño y de la observación de las actividades de la Comisión Intersectorial de la Salud Indígena que lo asesora. Buscamos contribuir para la comprensión de la relación de los representantes de esta población con las instituciones del Estado, a partir de la participación en las instancias de gobierno garantidas por el dicho control social. Pensamos, por lo tanto, los límites de la democracia directa vía control social, la posibilidad de acción política que contemple el diálogo interétnico y la traducción de las conquistas institucionales en mejoras significativas en la realidad cotidiana de la atención diferenciada en los Distritos Sanitarios Especiales Indígenas

A practical method for measuring Web above-the-fold time

International audiencePage load time (PLT) is still the most common application Quality of Service (QoS) metric to estimate the Quality of Experience (QoE) of Web users. Yet, recent literature abounds with interesting proposals for alternative metrics (e.g., Above The Fold, SpeedIndex and variants) that aim at closely capturing how users perceive the Webpage rendering process. However, these novel metrics are typically computationally expensive, as they require to monitor and post-process videos of the rendering process, and have failed to be widely deployed. In this demo, we show our implementation of an open-source Chrome extension that implements a practical and lightweight method to measure the approximated Above-the-Fold (AATF) time, as well as others Web performance metrics. The idea is, instead of accurately monitoring the rendering output, to track the download time of the last visible object on screen (i.e., "above the fold"). Our plugin also has options to save detailed reports for later analysis, a functionality ideally suited for researchers wanting to gather data from Web experiments

Narrowing the gap between QoS metrics and Web QoE using Above-the-fold metrics

International audiencePage load time (PLT) is still the most common application Quality of Service (QoS) metric to estimate the Quality of Experience (QoE) of Web users. Yet, recent literature abounds with proposals for alternative metrics (e.g., Above The Fold, SpeedIndex and variants) that aim at better estimating user QoE. The main purpose of this work is thus to thoroughly investigate a mapping between established and recently proposed objective metrics and user QoE. We obtain ground truth QoE via user experiments where we collect and analyze 3,400 Web accesses annotated with QoS metrics and explicit user ratings in a scale of 1 to 5, which we make available to the community. In particular, we contrast domain expert models (such as ITU-T and IQX) fed with a single QoS metric, to models trained using our ground-truth dataset over multiple QoS metrics as features. Results of our experiments show that, albeit very simple, expert models have a comparable accuracy to machine learning approaches. Furthermore, the model accuracy improves considerably when building per-page QoE models, which may raise scalability concerns as we discuss

Predicting the effect of home Wi-Fi quality on QoE: Extended Technical Report

Poor Wi-Fi quality can disrupt home users' internet experience, or the Quality of Experience (QoE). Detecting when Wi-Fi degrades QoE is extremely valuable for residential Internet Service Providers (ISPs) as home users often hold the ISP responsible whenever QoE degrades. Yet, ISPs have little visibility within the home to assist users. Our goal is to develop a system that runs on commodity access points (APs) to assist ISPs in detecting when Wi-Fi degrades QoE. Our first contribution is to develop a method to detect instances of poor QoE based on the passive observation of Wi-Fi quality metrics available in commodity APs (e.g., PHY rate). We use support vector regression to build predictors of QoE given Wi-Fi quality for popular internet applications. We then use K-means clustering to combine per-application predictors to identify regions of Wi-Fi quality where QoE is poor across applications. We call samples in these regions as poor QoE samples. Our second contribution is to apply our predictors to Wi-Fi metrics collected over one month from 3479 APs of customers of a large residential ISP. Our results show that QoE is good most of the time, still we find 11.6% of poor QoE samples. Worse, approximately 21% of stations have more than 25% poor QoE samples. In some cases, we estimate that Wi-Fi quality causes poor QoE for many hours, though in most cases poor QoE events are short

Predicting the effect of home Wi-Fi quality on QoE

International audiencePoor Wi-Fi quality can disrupt home users' internet experience, or the Quality of Experience (QoE). Detecting when Wi-Fi degrades QoE is extremely valuable for residential Internet Service Providers (ISPs) as home users often hold the ISP responsible whenever QoE degrades. Yet, ISPs have little visibility within the home to assist users. Our goal is to develop a system that runs on commodity access points (APs) to assist ISPs in detecting when Wi-Fi degrades QoE. Our first contribution is to develop a method to detect instances of poor QoE based on the passive observation of Wi-Fi quality metrics available in commodity APs (e.g., PHY rate). We use support vector regression to build predictors of QoE given Wi-Fi quality for popular internet applications. We then use K-means clustering to combine per-application predictors to identify regions of Wi-Fi quality where QoE is poor across applications. We call samples in these regions as poor QoE samples. Our second contribution is to apply our predictors to Wi-Fi metrics collected over one month from 3479 APs of customers of a large residential ISP. Our results show that QoE is good most of the time, still we find 11.6% of poor QoE samples. Worse, approximately 21% of stations have more than 25% poor QoE samples. In some cases, we estimate that Wi-Fi quality causes poor QoE for many hours, though in most cases poor QoE events are short

Predicting the effect of home Wi-Fi quality on Web QoE

International audienceWi-Fi is the preferred way of accessing the Internet for many devices at home, but it is vulnerable to performance problems. The analysis of Wi-Fi quality metrics such as RSSI or PHY rate may indicate a number of problems, but users may not notice many of these problems if they don't degrade the performance of the applications they are using. In this work, we study the effects of the home Wi-Fi quality on Web browsing experience. We instrument a commodity access point (AP) to passively monitor Wi-Fi metrics and study the relationship between Wi-Fi metrics and Web QoE through controlled experiments in a Wi-Fi testbed. We use support vector regression to build a predictor of Web QoE when given Wi-Fi quality metrics available in most commercial APs. Our validation shows root-mean square errors on MOS predictions of 0.6432 in a controlled environment and of 0.9283 in our lab. We apply our predictor on Wi-Fi metrics collected in the wild from 4,880 APs to shed light on how Wi-Fi quality affects Web QoE in real homes

Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais para educação escolar quilombola: caminhos para uma educação decolonial no Brasil

In this article we point out the effects on the social construction of colonized peoples, especially in education. Coloniality is the result of the long period of exploration of the colonies, which became visceral in the social configurations of the countries of the American continent. We perceive that Brazilian education still reproduces a hegemonic European thought, and constitutes a space for the reproduction of the principles of coloniality. But, we understand the construction of the National Curricular Guidelines for Quilombola School Education (Brazil, 2012) as a decolonization exercise. In this sense, we point out how these guidelines dialogue with the decolonial movement, providing a new educational configuration.En este artículo señalamos los efectos en la construcción social de los pueblos colonizados, especialmente en la educación. La colonialidad es el resultado del largo período de exploración de las colonias, que se tornó visceral en las configuraciones sociales de los países del continente americano. Percibimos que la educación brasileña todavía reproduce un pensamiento europeo hegemónico, y constituye un espacio para la reproducción de los principios de la colonialidad. Pero, entendemos la construcción de las Directrices Curriculares Nacionales para la Educación Escolar Quilombola (Brasil, 2012) como un ejercicio de decolonización. En ese sentido, señalamos cómo estos lineamientos dialogan con el movimiento decolonial, brindando una nueva configuración educativa.Neste artigo apontamos os efeitos na construção social dos povos colonizados, especialmente na educação. A colonialidade é resultado do longo período de exploração das colônias, que se tornou visceral nas configurações sociais dos países do continente americano. Percebemos que a educação brasileira ainda reproduz um pensamento europeu hegemônico e constitui um espaço de reprodução dos princípios da colonialidade. No entanto, entendemos a construção das Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais para a Educação Escolar Quilombola (Brasil, 2012) como um exercício de descolonização. Nesse sentido, apontamos como essas diretrizes dialogam com o movimento decolonial, proporcionando uma nova configuração educacional

Evaluating contacts in opportunistic networks over more realistic simulation models

Opportunistic Networks (ONs) are mobile networks that support intermittent links and long delays. ON nodes exchange data in brief moments called contacts, when another node is within radio range. Contacts are ephemeral and unpredictable, thus they must be implemented as efficiently as possible. However, most previous work rely on simplistic assumptions such as unlimited bandwidth and contentionfree transmissions. This paper presents a more realistic evaluation of ON contacts. Simulations show that, on opposition to the consensus in the literature, routing protocols that forward more copies and those that determine a subset of nodes to receive the Bundles using a certain criteria outperform flooding-based protocols, because the latter generates too much medium contention. Finally, buffer management and forwarding prioritization may influence the performance of the network by up to 30%.Keywords: Opportunistic networks, simulation, Delay-Tolerant Networks

Supplementation of goats with mesquite pod meal in deferred (Urochloa mosambicenses) grass pasture in the semiarid region

La suplementación surge como una estrategia simple para mejorar la productividad animal en sistemas que adoptan praderas diferidas de pasto como dieta básica. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar el efecto de los niveles de suplementación de harina de vaina de mezquite sobre la ingesta, la digestibilidad de los nutrientes y la ganancia de peso corporal (PC) de caprinos en pastoreo diferido. Treinta y cinco (35) caprinos machos (24.0 ± 2.9 kg PC) se distribuyeron en un diseño completamente al azar, con cinco tratamientos y siete repeticiones. Los tratamientos consistieron en un control de suplemento (0.05 % de PC de sal proteico-mineral) y niveles crecientes a 0.5; 1.0; 1.5 y 2.0 % de PC de suplementación con harina de vaina de mezquite. La ingesta de materia seca y nutrientes del forraje y la dieta total aumentaron linealmente (P<0.0001) en función de los niveles del suplemento. Se observó un efecto cuadrático (P<0.0001) para las variables de digestibilidad, excepto para el extracto etéreo y los carbohidratos no fibrosos, que presentaron un efecto lineal creciente (P<0.0001). Los niveles de suplementación aumentaron linealmente las variables de rendimiento (P<0.05). Se recomienda la suplementación del concentrado al 2.0 % de PC con harina de vaina de mezquite al 30 % en su composición para promover la reducción del ciclo productivo de los caprinos en praderas diferidas de pasto Urochloa.Supplementation emerges as a simple strategy to improve animal productivity in systems that adopt deferred grass pasture as the basic diet. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of levels of supplementation of mesquite pod meal on intake, digestibility of nutrients, and body weight (BW) gain of goats in grazing deferred. Thirty-five (35) goat males (24.0 ± 2.9 kg BW) were distributed in a completely randomized design, with five treatments and seven replications. Treatments constituted a supplement control (0.05% BW of protein-mineral salt) and increasing levels at 0.5; 1.0; 1.5, and 2.0% BW of supplementation with mesquite pod meal. Dry matter intake and nutrients of the forage and total diet increased linearly (P<0.0001) as a function of the levels of the supplement. A quadratic effect was observed (P<0.0001) for the digestibility variables, except for ethereal extract and non-fiber carbohydrates, which presented an increasing linear effect (P<0.0001). Supplementation levels increased linearly on the performance variables (P<0.05). It is recommended the concentrate supplementation at 2.0% BW with mesquite pod meal at 30 % in its composition for promoting the reduction of the productive cycle of goats in deferred Urochloa grass pastures